Nature Vs. Nurture in Sherri S. Teppers The Gate to Womens Country :: Psychology Tepper Gate Womens Essays

Nature Vs. Support in Sherri S. Tepper's The Gate to Womens Country Character attributes, would they say they are found out or intrinsic? Is it conceivable that once one is considered his/her life and methods of speaking with others are as of now unchangeable and guardians, condition, and friends have literally nothing to do with the manners by which one acts. Or then again might it be able to be a mix of both hereditary qualities and learning? Perusing The Gate to Womens Country by Sherri S. Tepper, I think toying with the concept of scholarly or intrinsic attributes are the spine for her novel. Knowing very well the nature versus support viewpoint can be questionable to many, giving the peruser a plan to contemplate and discuss. This epic is set in a period 300 years after a seizure, an incredible war that was brought upon by men. It was men who were the ambassadors and men who delivered the talks about national pride and defenseand we kicked the bucket (pg. 301). The start of the novel begins as a reflection and keeps on being a reflection until the end, in spite of the fact that the manners by which Tepper words happenings, put the peruser at the time with the goal that he/she overlooks they are reflecting and imagines that each incident is going on as you read, giving significantly more importance to the piece. The peruser is taken on an excursion through the encounters of one young lady from youthfulness to adulthood, and as she comes to comprehend the lifestyle in Womens Country so do we the peruser. Stavia (the fundamental character) is reflecting everything that has made her what her identity is up to that point in her life. When Stavia was youthful the main concern she needed to manage was the going back and forth of the male partner. Truly, it was a befuddling enthusiastic act at a youthful age, which would just turn out to be all the more confounding and passionate with age and astuteness. Stavia is an exceptionally insightful, reliable, good, inquisitive, open, adoring young lady, and to a point she adjusts to the manners by which the gathering accepts are proper. I accept the explanation she is acclimating is on the grounds that it is possible that you concur with the board or you leave womens nation. The councilwomen have attempted to long and difficult to have a disgusting young lady devastate what they have come to make and with high any desires for culminating. In this novel there is a division of the two sexual orientations and they are placed in their own networks, known as Womens Country and the Garrison, except for hardly any men who decided to come back to Womens Country.

Challenges Facing Human Resources

The human asset division is one of the fundamental offices that any association ought to never need. This is on the grounds that the office assumes the focal job of overseeing organizations’ issues, yet in addition workers and exchange unions’ problems.Advertising We will compose a custom examination paper test on Challenges Facing Human Resources explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some errands ordered to this office are difficult to settle, because of reasons that might be outside or inside to an association. A portion of these reasons are; revolts from the two workers and bosses, numerous vulnerabilities in business activity, and now and again inadequacies that may result because of poor data frameworks in the division. This are reasonable; nonetheless, if administrations don't include all gatherings in the dynamic procedure, numerous issues will undoubtedly emerge, consequently meddling with the smooth running of associations. Principle Challenges Facing the Human Resources Although most human asset projects may appear to be effective and working in an association, now and again the projects never work proficiently because of fluctuating difficulties. A portion of these difficulties incorporate overseeing laborers execution, systems of growing high performing groups, making arrangements for assume control over (progression), how to grow high possible specialists, ability the board, and reception of right instruments. Blends of every one of these variables assume a focal job of guaranteeing an association runs easily and stays in center around objective accomplishment. It is important for every human asset to guarantee, an association embraces a system, which will guarantee all authoritative and laborers needs get need. This incorporates a decent workplace, pay, limited time and expertise (vocation) improvement schemes.Advertising Looking for research paper on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can supp ort you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Different associations, contingent upon the modern area give the above elements changing needs, yet the most significant thing is for HR is for them to discover blends, which will advance both representative and organization’s needs (Hinds, Browne, Henry, and Jayawardena, 2004, pp. 415-418). In an authoritative setting, it is exceptionally hard for a human asset supervisor to see completely factors that decide workers’ changes in mental agreement. The entire procedure includes numerous components that decide its development and its infringement. What's more, it is extremely testing to numerous human asset offices to precisely figure out what such effects can have on an association, attributable to the way that the procedure now and again isn't sensible. Another fundamental test is order of what laborers consider as adaptable and great workplaces. It is exceptionally testing here and there to comprehend representativ e connections on account of changing worker patterns and examples as concerns globalization (Cooper and Sparrow, 2003, p.2). Another basic test is overseeing change in an association is. Change can take numerous structures, which incorporate advancements, advertise development, and moves. It now and again turns out to be difficult to disclose to representatives why the association is leading the changes, which is significantly increasingly muddled in attempting to familiarize them to new positions. Lion's share of laborers will frequently reject such changes, which may prompt loosing of serious working groups. Then again, setting hard working attitudes and qualities can be testing, attributable to changes that are occurring in various callings. Various specialists have various perspectives on what they think about right, which makes it difficult for HR to consolidate every one of their perspectives in strategy and morals formulation.Advertising We will compose a custom examination p aper test on Challenges Facing Human Resources explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Managing laborers abilities is likewise a typical test to HR chiefs. To guarantee that an association improves and advances imaginativeness among its laborers, it is vital for HR administrators to continually contemplate laborers abilities, characterize them and define right techniques to advance them. This from multiple points of view goes about as a helper to laborers, whereby if effectively assembled and doled out obligations they will undoubtedly perform better (Ulrich, 1997, pp. 5-9). At long last, another test albeit outside to an association is difficulties that may emerge because of stress and clashes in favor of human asset chiefs. HRMs generally work under close timetables, and need to battle and accomplish hierarchical objectives in whatever circumstance. This may strife with individual objectives, since they may likewise need to take care of individual issues, which they may need time for them. This can result to pressure and strain, which from numerous points of view can influence contrarily the general tasks of an association. Taking everything into account, to check these difficulties, it is vital for all human asset directors to consider both authoritative and workers’ sees in plan of strategies. In any case, consistently whichever the way taken by associations, hard working attitudes ought to be the core value to such plans and execution. Reference List Cooper, C. L. Sparrow, P. (2003). The business relationship: key difficulties for Human Resources. Burlington MA: Butterworth Heinemann. Hinds, M., Browne, Y., Henry, B. Jayawardena, C. (2004). Current Human asset Challenges in the Caribbean accommodation industry. Universal Journal of neighborliness the executives, 16(7), pp.415-418.Advertising Searching for research paper on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Ulrich, D. (1997). Human asset champions: the following plan for including esteem and conveying Results. New York: Harvard Business School Press. This examination paper on Challenges Facing Human Resources was composed and presented by client Eliseo Waters to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Essay on Reality Shows Should Not Be Banned

Unscripted tv has gotten mainstream over the previous decade with shows, for example, â€Å"Survivor†, â€Å"Big Brother† and â€Å"The Apprentice† pulling in large crowds and raking in tons of cash for supporters around the world. A meaning of unscripted tv is very troublesome however at its most essential it implies programs that show things truly occurring, instead of dramatization or parody that follows a content. Ordinarily unscripted television includes a gathering of individuals who are not prepared entertainers being shot in irregular circumstances over a time of time.Sport and news programs are not viewed as unscripted television. Narratives that investigate parts of society are a hazy area, with some closer to news announcing and others obscuring into unscripted television since they set up circumstances which didn't as of now exist. As of late VIP renditions of unscripted TV dramas have made definition much harder, in light of the fact that they show t he private existences of expert vocalists, on-screen characters, sportspeople, and so forth as they adapt to new situations.Reality TV is regularly a hotly debated issue as defenders trust it paints a ridiculous and unseemly picture and is along these lines terrible for our general public and the youngsters that make up most of the crowd. They require a cut in the quantity of hours offered over to reality programs, or even to boycott them totally. Adversaries in the mean time keep up that individuals ought to be permitted to watch what they like, and that reality programs make great TV, as appeared by reliably high watcher figures.Reality TV is untrustworthy †it claims to show â€Å"reality† yet it really misshapes reality to suit the program producers. The shows are not so much â€Å"real† †they are painstakingly cast to get a blend of â€Å"characters† who are not in the slightest degree common. For the most part they show a lot of youthful, gorgeous self-marketing experts, who will successfully jump on TV. Normally the program creators attempt to guarantee fervor by picking individuals who are probably going to conflict with each other.They at that point place them in unnatural circumstances, for example, the Big Brother house or the Survivor island, and give them abnormal difficulties so as to incite them into carrying on strangely. In The Bachelor, where a gathering of ladies seek the expressions of love of a qualified male, the ‘intimate dates’ they go on are recorded before any number of camera; that isn't reality (Poniewozik, 2003).Finally the creators film their casualties for many hours from all edges, however just show the most emotional parts. Specific altering might be utilized to make â€Å"storylines† thus further control reality of what occurred.

Bliss magazine Doesnt the name say it all Essay Example For Students

Delight magazine: Doesnt the name say everything? Article Delight magazine㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ Doesnt the name say everything? Joy, paradise, heaven, pleasure, joy, joy, joy, agreement and joy, is this what Bliss magazine truly is or is there something more profound to it? The infant gleam magazine sells in any event 400 000 magazines every month and goes up by 21% period on period, it has 523 000 perusers, so what causes it to pull in such a tremendous crowd? What is so extraordinary about this magazine? Joy magazine is perused by adolescent, helpless young ladies as youthful as eleven or twelve years of age. The magazine, anyway says its 'run of the mill peruser' is seventeen years of age. This shows the magazine doesn't know that what they are distributing is drawing in the more youthful young ladies as opposed to the focused on perusers. The magazine is overflowing with promotions, the adverts are about magnificence, make up and young men. The magazine is very exorbitant for what is it, there are such a large number of adverts and the vast majority of different articles are likewise firmly connected with selling magnificence items. 33% of the pages are dedicated exclusively to ads. It costs Ââ £1. 75 every month, which is a serious charge for a little youngster to be paying every month, not every person will have the option to bear the cost of it. The magazine is jam-pressed with unequivocal sort articles which will undoubtedly degenerate the youthful, powerless personalities of the perusers. Rapture has 194 pages, this appears to be a huge sum, yet once the adverts have been evacuated, there isnt much left to the magazine. Rachel Stevens is appeared on the intro page of the magazine, she is a well known superstar in the media spotlight and most young ladies have her as their symbol. Just by having a well known face on the front of a magazine draws in perusers to come and purchase the magazine, this gives the magazine authority. On the spread it peruses ' How to be delightful like Rachel Stevens. Puurrrr! ' This is in now way unobtrusive, it says in an extremely obvious way that on the off chance that you read this magazine, you can be much the same as Rachel Stevens, this will make a focal point of consideration for those with feeling of inadequacy which is regular in little youngsters, as they are growing up. The magazine spread is transcendently fluorescent pink and yellow, these are very 'girly' hues and would unquestionably get the eyes of thirteen to multi year olds. The shading pink has consistently been very provocative and this will make little youngsters who are finding new things need to get it, they will think that its engaging. 354 different ways to seem as though a sex little cat' The words SEX KITTEN are in enormous striking pink letters, the word sex gets the attention of everybody, all the more so of the juvenile young ladies who are not entirely educated about sex. The number '354' strikes out at you, it is an enormous number and is by all accounts very irre gular, not having any essentialness, it additionally infers that you can spend a great deal of cash on this, it is justified, despite all the trouble as there are such a large number of approaches to look great. In spite of the fact that it says '354' approaches to look great, it isn't totally obvious, there are 354 adverts. 20 things that turn young men on' this will certain grip the brains of energetic young ladies who look for approaches to feel more established. At twelve years old or thirteen young ladies are starting to discover progressively about young men. The name of the magazine itself 'delight' is simply requesting to be perused. Ecstasy the best inclination on the planet, this is additionally what individuals state drugs do to you. The cost is composed on the top corner of the page, the word 'just' make you feel that it is worth more than Ââ £1. 75. The feature 'my mums a pornography star! ' Is intended to be not kidding, yet it is written in an exceptionally whimsical structure and could be viewed as hostile. The young lady who grew a willy at 17', the word 'willy' isn't extremely proper, yet again this is the kind of thing that will get the eyes of a youthful multi year old who will discover this fantastically amusing, or something to discuss, she will feel wicked. The subtitle 'extravagant young ladies? Dont stress! ' Is composed adversely, as anybody perusing the magazine who fancies young ladies may feel awkward subsequent to understanding this. When is says 'dont stress', the young ladies who may not be stressing may believe that they ought to be stressing. The magazine is lustrous implying that it needs to seem disputable and incites childish young ladies to peruse it in light of the fact that is makes them think it something awful and your mum wouldnt favor of it so thy feel brave, exaggeration. In the wake of taking a gander at the spread intently, I find that is it an effective spread for the focused on perusers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 12-multi year olds, however not fruitful for young ladies more seasoned than this in light of the fact that the idea of the majority of the inscriptions on the spread are to do with sex in a juvenile manner which would drive the more established young ladies away. Rainman EssayThe models are related with progress, so again the advert suggests that you can accomplish this, equitable by wearing the lip-gleam. In spite of the fact that this is clearly false, the advert is so amazing and unequivocal, that the peruser is effectively tricked into purchasing the lip-shine. The model looks incredible for a night out and it suggests that in the event that you wear the lip-sparkle so will you. The advert in general has a 'smooth' vibe to it, the models hair is slicked, there is a smooth out of sight. The models face is glossy, much the same as precious stones. The shade of the advert is girly and female, infant blue, and purple, this makes it appealing to young ladies. The hues are carefree. The Maybelline motto at the base rhymes and has a rehashed beat which makes is critical thus you are bound to recollect the item and get it. Powerful and winning words are utilized, for example, 'meld' and 'liquid' which don't seem as though they are connected at all with lip-sparkle. The word 'new' makes it increasingly alluring and needed as everybody prefers new things. The 'imperfection pen' advert on page 9 is likewise a compelling advert. It includes a model likewise, yet this time wearing more cosmetics and the more unmistakable attributes of her face is her skin, which is the thing that the item is about. This advert utilizes realities to strengthen the possibility that this item will leave your skin unblemished and unadulterated. The advert says new, which is appealing it the vast majority, as a great many people like new things, as the fresher is it, the better it will be. There is additionally the impression which is by the British skin establishment, this makes underpins the thoughts in the advert and makes it increasingly reasonable, and 'O. K. ' in light of the fact that it has been affirmed. The foundation is straightforward and unadulterated, much the same as the item itself; it is white, which strengthens the possibility of tidiness and immaculateness. The 'Rimmel, immovable shading nail clean' advert is additionally extremely viable. There is a young ladies hand either opening or affixing a belt, this has numerous sexual implications, and will draw in youthful perusers since it will make them feel that by wearing this nail clean they can do likewise. The hues are dynamic and alluring and they would get the attention of most of individuals. The models hands do look decent, thus clearly it infers that your hands can look this pleasant on the off chance that you wear this nail clean. The words 'NO COMPROMISE. NO CONTEST' are exceptionally cruel and to the point, they have a 'cool' vibe, thus the more youthful young ladies will be intrigued by this and will purchase the nail clean. By and large, Bliss magazine is written in the style which would draw in the more youthful young ladies, however has the substance which are reasonable for the more established young ladies. The adverts suggest that magnificence is everything; most articles are developed around young men and sex. These are issues that the more youthful young ladies of 11 or 12 ought not be confronted with. The adverts all utilization astute separating and appealing, great utilization of words to make the items a great deal more attractive than they truly are. The joy essayists have said in their media pack that their average peruser is 17 years of age, when it obviously isnt, they know about this in light of the fact that on all the difficult pages, and all the letters, the ages are from as low as 10 years old. As I would see it, multi year olds don't peruse Bliss magazine by any stretch of the imagination, and exceptionally solid issues are talked about in detail in this magazine which are probably going to degenerate the young ladies helpless personalities. The media pack has a great deal of declaration in the language that they use. Young ladies are goal-oriented's 'shes faithful'. The media pack is written in a totally extraordinary tone to the magazine, it is progressively formal and genuine, and it is focused at moderately aged individuals, not little youngsters. The media pack makes an item of it. The media pack has numerous senseless remarks, 'The Bliss peruser is getting some answers concerning herself and will test until she finds a brand that she will stay faithful to forever' this magazine just mentions to young ladies what looks great, there is no space for experimentation, the magazine TELLS the young ladies what to wear, thus this is a senseless articulation. The Bliss media pack expresses that 71% of Bliss perusers are single, this shows the more disturbed young ladies who need direction, the ones that experience the ill effects of feeling of inadequacy read this magazine, they are bound to think anything they read, as they are progressively powerless. So by and large, these magazines utilize numerous gadgets to get profound into the brains of the perusers to make them purchase the items, they focus on little youngsters who are bound to tune in.

Obasan Essay Free Essays

Megumi Naomi Nakane, a guiltless Child Essay In Joy Kogawa’s Obasan, Naomi is an honest youngster who endures a lot all through the novel. The grown-ups of the Nakane family experience a great deal of difficulty to ensure Naomi’s honesty just so Naomi could have a youth like some other youngster. Anyway much the grown-ups attempted, Naomi despite everything sees the clouded side of the world at an early age. We will compose a custom article test on Obasan Essay or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now Naomi doesn't see a few things that happen in her life and in this manner, she discovers toys and stories as a vent to communicate her feelings. In this novel, Naomi’s guiltlessness is significant seeing that all through the novel she is perplexed and uncertain about the occurrences that happen in her life notwithstanding that she needs to languish over episodes she doesn't understand. To start, the seniors in Naomi’s family persevere through a great deal of torment on account of the Canadian government to shield Naomi as well as can be expected. Everyone in Naomi’s house is paying special mind to her. As Naomi describes, â€Å"Whatever [uncle] was aiming to let me know ‘someday’ has not yet been told† which explains that uncle has been keeping something from her to shield her from all the wrongs on the planet (Kogawa 3). Later on in the novel, it is perused that like everybody in the family uncle has been covering the way that Naomi’s mother had been mercilessly harmed from the besieging at Nagasaki and furthermore that following the wounds Naomi’s mother had passed on inevitably. Uncle accepts that if he somehow happened to educate all the insights about Naomi’s mother’s passing, at that point Naomi would be crushed. This is on the grounds that a while later in the novel, it is found that Naomi and her mom had an extremely close mother and little girl relationship. Another comparative episode is when Obasan stays quiet while Naomi poses inquiries â€Å"‘Please enlighten me concerning mother’ [Naomi] would state as a youngster to Obasan†¦ yet she gave [Naomi] no answer†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (26). This citation exhibits that Obasan didn't offer Naomi any responses about her mom since Naomi would be distress blasted after learning reality. Naomi’s mother is the one individual she had a sense of security with and if she somehow managed to understand that her definitive defender is not, at this point alive, she would feel undermined and alone on the planet. It additionally outlines that Obasan kept her assertion as Naomi’s â€Å"[mother] had mentioned that Stephen and [Naomi] be saved the truth† (259). This citation outlines Naomi’s mother’s love and guardianship towards her youngsters. Likewise from this citation it is comprehended that Naomi and her mother’s bond is ground-breaking to such an extent that her mom being abroad despite everything realizes that reality must be maintained from Naomi in control for her to keep living her youth without inconvenience. All the grown-ups in the Nakane family were totally resolved to keep Naomi’s honesty flawless, which made them to keep reality from her. Stephen and I are uninterested with such concerns and life for us is a calm and lovely holiday† this outlines Naomi is as often as possible left in obscurity in light of the fact that the grown-ups accept that she is too youthful to even think about handling the upsetting truth (149). Subsequently , Naomi needs key realities and at whatever point she attempts to appreciate an occurrence she gets messed up by her absence of comprehension and along these lines stays a guiltless kid. To continue, Naomi as a small kid has faith in fantasies and plays with dolls which advocate her emotions when she can't figure out how to communicate them all alone. As Naomi states in the novel, â€Å"Clearly we are the bear family in this unusual house in the forested areas. I am the infant bear†¦Ã¢â‚¬  it uncovers that Naomi as a kid is confounded about the issues that steamed her family as she attempts to comprehend their issues utilizing characters from stories that she has perused (136). It is demonstrated that Naomi channels her own inclination into her toys as she says â€Å"†¦the doll is very upbeat and amped up for the train trip† (124). In this selection, clearly Naomi is discussing herself instead of the doll. It shows that Naomi is honest as she doesn't have the foggiest idea about the total truth and accepts that she is simply going for a ride on the train which energizes her. Following that, subsequent to getting off the train, Naomi broadcasts that her doll is lost as she asks Obasan â€Å"where is my doll? † (128). Since Naomi’s mother gave her that doll, its nonattendance can be related with the detachment she feels among herself and her mom, the perfect safeguard of her guiltlessness. It is striking that Naomi is a guiltless youngster which is exemplified through her considerations about pixies helping her â€Å"I am in an evaluation two peruser brimming with pixies, sitting in the timberland exceptionally still and hanging tight for one fairy†¦ to come flying†¦ and lead me down to the greenery secured entryway on the woods that opens to the passage prompting where my mom and father are hiding† (164). This citation represents Naomi’s trouble about the upsetting musings that come into her psyche when she considers her folks additionally, she feels defenseless on account of other amazing figures like the RCMP in Canada. Thusly, Naomi as a little youngster accepts that her solitary expectation is a legendary animal like a pixie that may assist her with finding her folks much like a kid who puts stock in Santa Clause’s presence. Naomi is too youthful to even think about interpretting the truth and the troubles of her and her family’s lives as they don't influence her much, demonstrating that she is without a doubt a guiltless kid. Ultimately, Naomi is a defenseless kid who needed to see the diverse side of the world too early for her age. In the novel, Naomi proclaims that â€Å"Again and again the hen’s nose strikes and the chick lies on its side on the floor, its neck curved back, its wings, outstretched fingers. The hen lifts a textured leg, the hooks crumbling and grasping as it swaggers around the confine, bayoneting the chicks dashing past Naomi’s feet, their wings extended. † (63). Naomi’s destiny is spoken to by the chicks as she is a vulnerable being, essentially frail against the Canadian government’s assaults on her family. She is a guiltless kid being rebuffed by the legislature for no authentic explanation. Later on in the Novel, Naomi’s neighbor Old Man Gower who â€Å"carries her away, he tells [her] she should not tell [her] mother. † as she puts it (65). Showing the way that Naomi is a helpless subject of Old Man Gower’s sexual assaults. Additionally, Naomi was crushed as she was unable to look for the assurance of her mom for she was embarrassed about herself and furthermore that Old Man Gower had gotten some information about anything to her mom. In this way, she is a guiltless kid enduring in her own despondency and disarray at a youthful age. Hence, the reoccurring bad dream that Naomi has about the â€Å"three oriental lady that lay bare in the sloppy road†¦ and a few soldiers†¦ [Who] gave off an impression of being guarding those women†¦ detainees †¦Ã¢â‚¬  is vital to comprehend the maltreatment she endured on account of Old Man Gower (66). The ladies in her fantasy are unprotected against the equipped men reflecting upon her own understanding as a casualty of her neighbor. In the novel, it is depicted that Naomi is unprotected and helpless when presented to issues that lone grown-ups ought to know about. All things considered, Naomi’s blamelessness is a critical component in her youth as the grown-ups in the Nakane family shield Naomi with their fearless perseverance. An assessment of the adults’ job in Naomi’s life uncovers that they are basic since they attempt their best to shield her from the unlighted side of the world. In the wake of breaking down Naomi’s contribution with her toys or fantasies it is uncovered that she is muddled with the occasions happening around her and from now on goes to her dolls or fantasies for a clarification or an answer for her inquiries. Naomi’s revelation about maltreatment features that Naomi is a small kid being presented to something unseemly as she still can't seem to build up a feeling of right or wrong on the planet. In Joy Kogawa’s Novel, Obasan, Naomi is a guileless youngster who is dumbfounded and disturbed all through the novel thinking about that she doesn't have understanding of the life outside the insurance of her folks. **** Works Cited Kogawa, Joy. Obasan. 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M4P 2Y3: Penguin Group, 1981. Print. Step by step instructions to refer to Obasan Essay, Essay models

Writing a Job Reference Letter (with Examples and Proven Tips)

Writing a Job Reference Letter (with Examples and Proven Tips) Do you remember when you once had to ask your professor or boss for a recommendation letter to help you land a job at a company? Yes, you eventually convinced them to write you one and you were very pleased with what they wrote about you. They wrote very positive things about you that would make you stand out to the interviewers.Now that you have been working at a company for quite some time, you are in a supervisory role with many employees under your wing. A time will come when they will come to you to ask you for a reference letter. The tables have turned; you are now the one writing a recommendation letter for them. Now the most important thought crosses your mind â€" how do I write a job reference letter? Well we are here to help you out with that.For those of who are a bit unfamiliar with them, recommendation letters are letters written by employers attesting to the accomplishments and skills of their employees. As an employer in a managerial role, you will have to testify to t he abilities of your employees to help them in their careers.A reference letter is written in a business-style format and is very professional because in most cases, you will be justifying the abilities of one of your candidates to another company. You need to be able to write it in a way that is very convincing and straightforward. This one document is just as important as a resume and a cover letter. © Shutterstock.com | alexmillosWe have listed the most important tips to help you write an outstanding reference letter for your employees to show them in a positive light to other companies. In addition, we have provided some templates and examples of reference letters to help inspire you in writing one in your own style.REFERENCE LETTER TIPSThe importance of a recommendation letter should be neither underestimated nor underappreciated. They can be the deciding factor to sway companies into hiring one candidate over another. It could easily be the difference between acceptance and rejection.When an employer, like yourself, is able to testify to the capabilities of an employee, then companies are able to trust the claims made by a candidate in their resume and cover letter. Recommendation letters can also provide more insight, such as a candidate’s personality and character. These can easily sway the hiring decision into your employee’s favor, if written properly.Here are some k ey tips you should definitely follow when writing a reference letter for somebody else to make them shine brighter than everybody else.Explain Your Relation with the EmployeeWhile a reference letter is primarily about the person you are supporting and writing it for, it should also express your capacity and justify why you are writing one. When an employer sees exactly who is writing this and how they are related to the employee, this will add credence to the recommendation. Answer the questions “How am I related to this employee?” and “How long do I know this employee?” early in your letter.If you were the supervisor of this employee while they interned at your company, make this evident. If you were the employee’s boss, make this apparent in the letter. Also describe how long this employee worked under you direct supervision. This helps hiring managers determine how well you really know a candidate.We suggest that you should only write a recommendation letter for someone if you worked with them for at least 6 months. This seems to be ample amount of time to truly understand how somebody performs under pressure and really assess their caliber. Stating your relation to the employee will surely add credibility, something that all employers are looking for.Weak Relation with the EmployeeIf an employee or a student, whom you do not know very well, comes to you to ask for a recommendation, then it is unadvisable to write a reference letter for them. Knowledge of a candidate is everything when it comes to these letters, and a lack thereof will be very evident when you state your relation to the candidate.Ask yourself if you are indeed the appropriate person to write a reference letter for somebody. If the answer is yes, then proceed to do so.Exemplify the AccomplishmentsIt is very easy to write the job responsibilities of an employee who worked for you. However, it is not the best way to advocate an employee. Rather than stating job duties, describe an em ployee’s remarkable job performance. Hiring managers want to know more about the achievements of their candidates straight from their supervisors.If an employee just did their duties, then they are simply doing their job. This is not enough in today’s competitive job market. Employees need to go above and beyond in their roles to make a good impression on other hiring managers.As an employer, you can provide specific achievements of your employee’s career when they have been working with you. Explain the things they did that made them excel in their position. For instance, if they have brought in more clients for your firm, mention how many. Recruiters love numbers, so play into their hands and state some figures in your recommendation. For example, if your employee has raked in more sales by selling more units, state how many units they have sold and the amount of revenue they personally brought in.Examples, Examples, ExamplesWe cannot emphasize enough how important it is to provide real-life examples and scenarios where your employee shined. You do not need to necessarily give comprehensive detail, but just give enough context. State what was expected and what the objectives were according to the company.Then go on to describe how this employee not only met them, but exceeded them by leaps and bounds. To exceed expectations is a sign of an accomplishment. Hiring managers want accomplished individuals who have a track record of delivering results.Examples describing feats do just that. When you can explain the successes of the employee, hiring managers will be confident that the employee can replicate the successes at their company.Describe the Candidate’s SkillsA jobseeker will mention many skills (both technical skills as well as soft skills) in their resume, but they needs to be backed up by somebody who has personally seen the employee use it. As an employer, you are in a position where you can give evidence to an employee’s skills and competenc ies. Just like with accomplishments (mentioned in the previous point), skills should also be exemplified. It is one thing to simply state that a person has “good presentation skills” and an entirely different thing to mention where an employee exhibited exceptional presentation skills. While this is easy to do with soft skills, this is also possible with technical skills. If your employee used an engineering software to the fullest extent, even beyond your own knowledge, state this by giving an example. This demonstrates a desire to continuously push the boundaries and develop more skills. Recruiters view this very positively.Anecdotes HelpSkills are only useful to hiring managers if they can be proven. Scenarios aid in helping establish the validity and truth of skills. For example, if your employee has taken initiative, mention how they acted as the team leader, created plans for the entire project, and delegated tasks to everyone else. This is a good sign of leadership that h iring managers want to see.If your employee was able to successfully negotiate a deal with a client, describe the tactics employed and the amazing deal that was struck. This helps to show communication skills and negotiation skills, two skills that are highly sought after in the marketing and sales world.Some bonus points can be earned if you describe skills that are not typical to a profession. For example, an engineer may need to deliver product presentations to the management team. If your employee, who is an engineer, successfully delivered an impeccable presentation to others and convinced them to proceed to mass production, express how they have amazing presentation skills. In engineering, soft skills play just as large a role as technical skills, and recruiters want to see this.Always be PositiveIt is called a recommendation letter for a good reason â€" you, as an employer, are recommending your employee to somebody else. As you are recommending them to hire somebody who used to work with you, you should always use positive language. Saying something like “Without any reservation, I highly recommend this person” or “This person has all the qualities to fit your culture” will go a long way to getting your employee over the hump. Recruiters like to hear reassuring words from other employers who had experience working with somebody.Nobody is perfect; we all know that. However, that is not a reason to mention weaknesses in a reference letter of all places. Only state the chief strengths and highlight everything positive of an employee or a student. Using positive adjectives such as intelligent, creative, efficient, effective, reliable, and innovative  evoke good images in the minds of people.As the person writing a job reference letter, you want to evoke these emotions and images in the hiring manager. Avoid using words that are mediocre in emphasis, such as nice, good, adequate, reasonable, and satisfactory. They are too weak.Do Not LieWhile it is imperative that you only say positive things about somebody in your letter, do not lie and start making up false strengths about somebody. Some people think that exaggerating a bit and stretching the truth may help an employee. It is quite the contrary. Hyperboles can come back and haunt an employee, even after being hired based on your seemingly innocuous white lies. Play it safe and play by the rules â€" be truthful in your recommendation.Recruiters will call you to verify all of your statements and crosscheck them with the employee you are referring. If there are any discrepancies, then it will look bad on you. More importantly, it will damage the career of your employee. So please think twice before you start using flowery language. Avoid excessive flattery and only stick to the whole truths in the reference letter.Proofread the Entire LetterJust as you would do with any formal business document, make sure to proofread and edit a job reference letter, repeatedly! We cannot stres s how important this is. As an employer, you want your employee to be taken seriously. In addition, you also want to be taken seriously. How can be you be taken seriously if you make spelling or grammar mistakes in a recommendation letter?It needs to be perfect. We suggest having it proofread by somebody you trust so that a fresh pair of eyes can give you a new perspective on your writing. Sometimes, somebody else can spot something that you failed to see after several glances.You do not need to write it in a very high-level language with complex sentence structure and very difficult words. In fact, we advise against it. Recruiters want to read something that they understand upon reading it the first time. Do not make it difficult for them. Keep it formal but make it simple, too.Talk with Your EmployeeAn effective method of writing a great recommendation letter is to run it by the person you are praising. When you have a good and strong relation with the employee you are writing for , then you can get the best feedback on your writing. They can perhaps remind you of some statistics or achievements that may have slipped your mind or you may have overlooked.You want to state the best facts in your reference letter. Your employee can help bring those to light and proofread your recommendation letter to make it the best it can be.Follow the Business Letter FormatSince a job recommendation letter is essentially a formal document, write it in the form of a business letter. It must consist of the following components:HeaderSalutationIntroductionBodyConclusionClosing1. HeaderThe first section of a recommendation letter is the header and it consists of your address (sender’s address) and the address of the company you are sending to (recipient’s address), along with the date. If you are addressing a particular person at a particular organization in your letter, then you need to mention that in the header.However, there are also general recommendation letters which a re not addressed to anybody in particular. In such a case, you can omit the portion of the recipient’s address. The format for writing your address is as follows:Name of ReferencePosition of ReferenceCompany of ReferenceAddress of ReferencePhone Number of ReferenceEmail of ReferenceDateName of RecipientPosition of RecipientName of OrganizationAddress of OrganizationIf your employee has informed you about who you should direct your recommendation letter to, then include that information in the header. It makes it more personal as you are directly speaking to an individual. In case it is a general reference letter that can be read by anybody, then you can omit the recipient’s address and only write the sender’s address.LetterheadA good method of writing a recommendation letter for a job is to design it with a letterhead. A letterhead is like a template that is situated at the top, center aligned, and describes your address. It is like a fixed header of a letter, hence the name. In mentions the name of the organization as well as the corporate address.This gives letters a professional appearance and it has become quite popular amongst many reference letters. If you decide not to use one, then it is perfectly okay. The examples we provide later on in this article do not use a letterhead. You can read find many examples online of reference letters using a letterhead.2. SalutationThe second part of your recommendation letter is the salutation. It is only one line but it is very important, so make sure to start correctly. As this is a job reference letter written in the style of a business letter, stick with very formal and polite greetings.Avoid using greetings like “Hi” and “Hello” at all costs. Those are reserved for your friends and family, not for a recruiter. You want to take a very respectful approach when addressing recruiters. The safest and most used greeting is “Dear” followed by “Mr./Ms. X,” where X is the family name of the recruite r. For example, if the recruiter’s name is Jane Smith, you will begin the letter with “Dear Ms. Jane.” This is deemed very respectful and considerate, the perfect way to address a hiring manager.If you are writing a general reference letter, you can go with the neutral greeting “To Whom it May Concern.” An alternative salutation you can use in case of a general recommendation letter is “Dear Hiring Manager.” In almost all cases, a hiring manager will in fact read your recommendation letter.3. IntroductionThe first paragraph of your letter should introduce who you are. Include your current position at your company and state your relation with the employee whom you are recommending. Briefly state how you came across meeting this person and ended up working with them. Mention how long you know this person â€" confirm dates whenever you can.All of this information will help to establish your authority and capacity to write the letter in the first place. When a hiring manag er sees all of this pertinent and important information, they can actually trust what you say. The first paragraph has to hook the recruiter; it has to get them to continue reading the rest of your letter.This paragraph is typically only a few sentences long.4. BodyThis portion of the letter contains the main essence of your argument. It answers the all-important question â€" “Why should you hire this person?” You need to present your case by exemplifying their skills that will help benefit the company.You should relate prior experiences to the position they are applying to. Do not forget to discuss their personal qualities that make them unique. Normally this section is two paragraphs long, but you can do it in one paragraph if you want. It all depends on you and the things you are able to write about the person. A recommendation letter is ultimately all about convincing a recruiter that a particular individual’s skills and accomplishments will benefit their company. You are exemplifying what your employee can offer another company.Start by describing your employee’s past roles and competencies that will be useful in another company. If your employee has experience in designing analog and digital circuits at your company and is now going to work specifically on digital circuits, state their proficiency in digital circuits. If your employee successfully created a digital ad campaign for your product, explain the skills employed and the results obtained from it. Highlighting the prime skills that helped your company will reinforce the abilities of your employee.Mentioning some remarkable accomplishments of your employee will show that they exceled in their role and will continue to do so in their new role. Give figures and numbers to quantify the results. Hiring manages love numbers. Persuade the hiring manager reading the letter that this employee can reproduce excellent results working with them.If you are writing a reference letter directed at a spec ific job position, then try to get your hands on the job requirements. Mention the qualifications that your employee satisfies and justify how theyexcel on those counts. When you are ticking the boxes for them, you are making the recruiter’s job easier. Everybody likes that.Furthermore, state some personal qualities about their character and work ethic that demonstrate this person is easy to work with and is diligent. As an employer, if you say that a person is hardworking and resilient and provide an example of it, then recruiters will be impressed by an employee’s personality and character.5. ConclusionIn the final paragraph of your job reference letter, reinforce how this employee did amazing things at your company and can repeat the successes at their firm. State that you have no reservations to recommend this individual because of your experiences with them. Express that you are open to communications to talk more about the employee.A simple sentence like “If you have any more questions you need clarified, please do not hesitate to contact me.” This indicates that you are willing to help your employee land the job. Hiring managers take this as a good sign.6. ClosingThe final section of the letter is only two lines long, but it must be handled with care. It is the closing remarks. You should end your reference letter respectfully with a closing like “Sincerely” or “Regards.” They are deemed quite formal, perfect for a recommendation letter. Avoid using terms like “Best Wishes” and “Yours Truly.”Remember, you are not writing a letter to a friend, you are writing a recommendation letter to a recruiting manager at another company, acting as a referee for your employee. So please bear in mind that you should come across as professional and polite. Finish the letter with a signature just below your closing remark. Since recommendation letters are handwritten, there is no need for a digitally printed electronic signature. Print out the le tter and sign it at the bottom just below the closing.REFERENCE LETTER EXAMPLESAfter listing all of the proven tips that make a great job reference letter to help an employee land a job, we will now show you some examples of well-written recommendation letters. We advise against directly copying these templates. Recruiters are very familiar with common templates available online. You should be inspired by reading these and find a way to craft a recommendation letter in your own style and letterhead that suits your employee.If you copy a standard template that anybody can find online, then it shows a lack of interest and thought in the recommendation letter on your part. We know that making a recommendation letter on your own is not easy and can take time, but as an employer it the least you can do. An employee has dedicated so much time to get your work done, so now it is your turn to dedicate some time to help them out.Professional Reference LetterWe will first look at recommendati on letters written by members of an organization writing one for an employee who used to work with them. If you were in a supervisory role with this employee, you are in the perfect position to right a reference letter on their behalf. Let’s look at some examples.Example 1 â€" An Employee Looking for a New JobIn this example, we will look at a recommendation letter written by somebody for an engineer looking for a new job at another company in the same type of industry. You are essentially stating how the qualities, skills, and achievements of an employee can be easily transferred to another company in the same sector.Name of ReferencePosition of ReferenceCompany of ReferenceAddress of ReferencePhone Number of ReferenceEmail of Reference  Date  Name of RecipientPosition of RecipientName of OrganizationAddress of Organization  Dear Mr./Ms. Last Name, It gives me great pleasure to recommend Sam Walton for the position of Sales Engineer at your organization. Sam has been working at o ur company for 3 years now, and he has been working directly under my supervision in the past year. I have known him ever since he joined the firm and I eventually had him assigned to my team. That is when I had the chance to see him in action. As a Junior Electrical Engineer, he was very proficient in using engineering software and created many great designs in AutoCAD. When it came to designing transistors, he did so in a very short time and had them 100% verified and simulated prior to mass production. In our brainstorming sessions, he took initiative and tossed around many ingenious ideas that would separate our product from everybody else’s. Our team went along with his decision and customers loved our electrical products.Speaking of customers, Sam has impeccable communication skills. It took me by surprise how much of a smooth talker he was with clients. He found a way to build rapport with people and persuade them that our new products were unique and superior. As a Sales E ngineer, he will excel since he knows how to talk with people and has the technical knowledge of an electrical engineer.Sam Walton is very diligent and is quite resilient, with a “never give up” attitude. Whenever he faced any obstacle, he never let it faze him. He remained calm and always view the problem from a different angle. His work ethic is exceptional and it actually rubbed off on the other colleagues.Without any reservations, I can recommend Sam for this position at your company. Sam wants to go up the ladder at a big company, and I know he will be able to accomplish that at your firm. Please do not hesitate to get in touch with me if you want more information.  Sincerely,Your SignatureExample 2 â€" An Employee Shifting CareersIn this example, we will look at a recommendation letter written by somebody for a newspaper writer looking to break into the digital marketing world. You need to explain how the qualities, skills, and achievements of an employee can be transferre d to another company in an entirely different type of industry.Name of ReferencePosition of ReferenceCompany of ReferenceAddress of ReferencePhone Number of ReferenceEmail of Reference  Date  Name of RecipientPosition of RecipientName of OrganizationAddress of Organization  Dear Mr./Ms. Last Name, I am very excited to recommend Jimmy Wales for the position of Digital Marketing Specialist at your company. Jim has been working at our company for 5 years. He started out as an intern and helped one of my colleagues on various tasks around our agency. After his internship, I had him under my wing for 4 years while he worked as a copywriter and editor for our website. He wrote some amazing groundbreaking pieces at our agency. As a copywriter, he would go out of his way to contact as many sources as he could to get the inside scoop on a topic. He gathered a lot of information and wrote excellent articles and blog posts for our website. Being an English graduate, Jim always made sure that h is work was free of errors. He repeatedly proofread and edited his work to remove all grammar and spelling mistakes. Based on the target audience, he tailored the difficulty of the language to suit them.I once suggested him to start learning about digital marketing, namely SEO and SMM. He is a millennial and he is in touch with technology. Every weekend, he learned about various aspects of SEO and SMM and the way in which writers can incorporate them into their work. Jimmy even has an online degree in digital marketing tactics. With his deep knowledge of SEO and SMM coupled with his outstanding writing skills, I know that Jim will shine in your digital marketing company.Without any reservations, I can recommend Jim for this position at your company. Jim wants to diversify his skillset and explore new things that he is passionate about. He is very passionate about digital marketing and writing. I firmly believe he will be able to accomplish that at your firm. Please do not hesitate t o contact me if you want more information.  Sincerely,Your SignatureExample 3 â€" An Intern Looking for a Full-time JobIn this example, we will look at a recommendation letter written by somebody for a newspaper writer looking to break into product engineering. You need to explain how the qualities, skills, and achievements of an employee can be transferred to another company.Name of ReferencePosition of ReferenceCompany of ReferenceAddress of ReferencePhone Number of ReferenceEmail of Reference  Date  Name of RecipientPosition of RecipientName of OrganizationAddress of Organization  Dear Mr./Ms. Last Name, I highly recommend Steven Stewart for the position of Process Development Engineer at your company. Steven has been working at our company for 6 months as an intern in my photolithography department. During his internship, I have seen him learn things at a very quick rate and implemented the things I taught him in the lab. He successfully coupled the theoretical knowledge he lear ned at university with the practical knowledge acquired at my company. As an engineering intern in the semiconductor industry, Steven worked on several mini projects that we were running in the lab. Since he has amazing academic grades, he knew many of the processes we were conducting at our organization. Whatever he did not know, he spoke with his senior colleagues and picked up all the missing pieces of the puzzle. He even presented some interesting ideas to me that showed me that he is thinking beyond his experience. That is a good sign of somebody who wants to make a revolutionary change, something the semiconductor industry and your company may heavily benefit from.To complete his internship, he wrote a 50-page report describing his entire experience at my organization. After reading his report, I realized that he is an amazing writer, conveying ideas very simply and directly. As a Process Development Engineer, writing reports will be a regular task and you need somebody who ca n do it well. In addition to writing, Steven delivered a great presentation where he showed the things he conducted in the lab. He has a great stage presence and is a great communicator, something that more engineers need in today’s world.I can wholeheartedly recommend Steven for this position at your company. Steven wants to start his career as an engineer at one of the largest companies on the planet. I firmly believe he has everything it takes to accomplish many great thingy at your firm. Please do not hesitate to contact me if you want more information.  Sincerely,Your SignatureAcademic Reference LetterWe will now look at recommendation letters written by professors of a university writing one for a student who used to work with them. If you were in a supervisory role with this student, you are in the perfect position to right a reference letter on their behalf. Let’s look at some examples.Example 4 â€" A Student Looking for Their First JobIn this example, we will look at a recommendation letter written by a professor for one of their students who wants to start working at an organization. You are essentially stating how the qualities, skills, and achievements of a student can be useful to a company.Name of ReferencePosition of ReferenceCompany of ReferenceAddress of ReferencePhone Number of ReferenceEmail of Reference  Date  Name of RecipientPosition of RecipientName of OrganizationAddress of Organization  Dear Mr./Ms. Last Name, It gives me great pleasure to recommend Jeremy Collins for the position of Design Engineer at your company. I met Jeremy in August 2012 when I instructed the Microsystem Design course and he made a good impression on me from day one. I was so impressed by his class performance and participation that I actually offered him the chance to work on his thesis at my institute. That is when I had the chance to see him in action. He always sat in the first row in class and was very proactive, asking many interesting questions about m icrosystems. He is an inquisitive person, a quality that makes for an excellent engineer. He is very curious to know why things work the way they do, and looks for creative solutions to solve complex engineering problems.As you will see from his transcripts, he excelled in his studies. That shows his dedication to learning.When Jeremy was working on this thesis, he coordinated the entire project on his own under my guidance. He was very cooperative and open to hearing new ideas not only from me but also from other members of my institute. He took inspiration from others’ ideas and came up with his own ingenious solution to design his microsystem. He designed a microsystem in 25% less time and performed 20% better. This shows that he can deliver excellent and outstanding results.Jeremy Collins is very diligent and is quite resilient, with a “never give up” attitude. Whenever he faced any obstacle, he never let it faze him. He remained calm and always view the problem from a dif ferent angle. His work ethic is exceptional and he will easily fit into your corporate culture.Without any reservations, I can recommend Jeremy for this position at your company. Jeremy wants to go up the ladder at a big company, and I know he will be able to accomplish that at your firm. Please do not hesitate to get in touch with me if you want more information.  Sincerely,Your SignatureExample 5 â€" A Student Looking to Pursue a Ph.D.In this example, we will look at a recommendation letter written by a professor for one of their students who wants to start their postgraduate degree at another academic institution. You are essentially stating how the qualities, skills, and achievements of a student can be useful to a university.Name of ReferencePosition of ReferenceCompany of ReferenceAddress of ReferencePhone Number of ReferenceEmail of Reference  Date  Name of RecipientPosition of RecipientName of OrganizationAddress of Organization  Dear Mr./Ms. Last Name, I highly recommend Ma rk Rogers for the postgraduate program at your university. I met Mark in February 2013 when I instructed the Microelectronic Circuits course and he made a good impression on me from day one. I was so impressed by his class performance and participation that I actually offered him the opportunity to work as a Graduate Research Assistant at my institute. He held this role for 1 year and he successfully completed many research projects we were working on. He always sat in the first row in class and was very proactive, asking many interesting questions about microelectronic circuitry. He is an inquisitive person, a quality that makes for an excellent researcher. He is very curious to know why things work the way they do, and looks for creative solutions to solve complex engineering problems.As you will see from his transcripts, he excelled in his studies. That shows his dedication to learning. Mark wants to be researcher and he envisions himself working in your state-of-the-art labs, ho ping to make a groundbreaking discovery one day. When Mark was working on at my institute, he collaborated with his colleagues to collectively come up with ingenious solutions to solve complex problems. He was very cooperative and open to hearing new ideas not only from me but also from other members of my institute. In addition, he can work very well independently and come up with ideas all on his own. While working on his Ph.D. at your university, he will be able to work on his own without much supervision.He successfully helped me design optical systems that were operating 10 °C lower than other systems. This helped us in our research endeavors and Mark played a crucial role in that development.Mark is very diligent and is quite resilient, with a “never give up” attitude. Whenever he faced any obstacle, he never let it faze him. He remained calm and always view the problem from a different angle. His work ethic is exceptional and he will easily fit into your corporate culture .I can wholeheartedly recommend Mark for the postgraduate program at your university. Mark has demonstrated excellent qualities of a researcher at my institute, and I know he will be able to accomplish the same results at your institute as well. Please do not hesitate to get in touch with me if you want more information. We have worked together before in the past on joint program, so I am sure you can trust me when I say that Mark is one of the better researchers I had at my institute.  Sincerely,Your SignatureCONCLUSIONA job recommendation letter is perhaps the most important document in a job application portfolio, besides a resume and a cover letter. As an employer, your recommendation can provide that extra little push to get your employee or student their much desired opportunity. The onus is on you to persuade a hiring manager at a company or a professor at a university to give your employee or student an opportunity of their lifetime.If you follow these key tips and take insp iration from these example we have listed, then you will be able to write an outstanding job reference letter that will please anybody reading it. You will successfully appeal to everything they want to read, and that is how you convince someone into giving the person you are recommending a chance.So what are you waiting for? I am sure one of your employees or students has asked you to write a recommendation letter on your behalf. I mean that is why you are reading this after all. Start writing your job reference letter right now.

Terrorism Is Caused By Multiple Factors - Free Essay Example

From 1970 to 2017, 2014 had the greatest number of fatalities of 44,490 deaths worldwide (Roser et al.). Terrorism is an issue known as a worldwide threat of violence motivated by political and religious views. There are numerous contributions to this issue, and the main causes terrorism are the internet and social media. This issue can also be caused by cultural, religious, and political beliefs and individual reasons. Due to these causes, there are consequences that follow which create damaging negative effects. These effects include an extreme number of deaths and injuries, an increasing raise in financial costs, and tons of property are destroyed, leaving people homeless and traumatized. Terrorism is an extremely dangerous problem that happens worldwide, caused by terrorist organizations who are motivated by different beliefs or individual views. This leads to negative effects that cause long-term damages to everyone in affected countries. Terrorism is caused by multiple factors, such as the internet and religion and political beliefs, which motivate terrorist organizations to cause massive destruction. Terrorism is not considered a local issue but is also a worldwide issue that could happen anywhere. Some factors include . Terrorism occurs worldwide, however there are many countries, such as Iraq, Afghanistan, and Nigeria, that are more affected compared to others. In 2014, there were 44,490 fatalities worldwide (Roser et al.). 2014 had the greatest number of fatalities from terrorist attacks compared to all other years up to 2017. While 2014 had 44,490 fatalities, the most recent year, 2017, on the other hand, had 26,445 fatalities worldwide (Roser et al.). There is a visible decrease between the two years, showing that the amount of deaths have lessened. However, among of all the countries, Iraq has the deaths. Iraq does not only have the most deaths, but they also have the greatest number of injuries, striking at 16,804 injuries in 2014 and 4,916 injuries in 2017 (Roser et al.). Compared to 2014, Iraq seems to have three to four times less injuries in 2017. While Iraq had 16,804 injuries in 2014, other countries had far less injuries: Afghanistan had 5,111, Nigeria had 2,283, Pakistan had 3,388, India had 776, China had 478, the United States had 19, and the United Kingdom had 4 (Roser et al.). In 2017, Iraq had 4,916 injuries, meanwhile Afghanistan had 6,027 injuries: Nigeria had 1,031, Pakistan had 3,388 injuries, China had 76, the United States had 932, and the United Kingdom had 301 (Roser et al.). Afghanistan was the only country in 2017 to have more injuries than Iraq, while the other countries listed had less. The number of injuries from 2014 and 2017 decreased in Nigeria and China, remained the same in Pakistan, and increased in the United States and the United Kingdom. According to the map in 2017, the top three regions with the greatest number of terrorist incidents are Iraq with 2,466, Afghanistan with 1,414, and Pakistan with 719 (Roser et al.). However, of all countries, Iraq still remains to be the top nation most affected by terrorism. Iraq is more affected contrasted to other nations because Iraq is a small, poor, developing country that lacks special resources in their economy (Bandyopadhyay et al.). This means that Iraq is not as advanced in technology and equipment, so it is easier for terrorist groups to attack this nation, while it is harder for terrorist groups to attack a larger and richer economy. The effects of terrorism are excruciatingly devastating, leading to associated costs which include deaths, financial costs, and loss of property. In a terrorist attack, thousands of people are either kidnapped or killed. Terrorist attacks can also cause serious indirect harm to neighboring countries and their economies, and there are even worse effects in smaller countries with developing economies, such as Israel and Colombia (Bandyopadhyay et al.). When there is an attack, economic resources, markets, transportation, restaurants, and owned property are striked and destroyed by bombers (Bandyopadhyay et al.). This outcome causes an extreme loss of property, causing a tremendous raise in financial costs. The raise causes a decline in production and advancement and trade reduction. This result affects the neighboring countries as well because the neighboring countries would have to help the affected country by providing money to pay off the raise in insurance. For example, in the 911 Attack, the Twin Towers of New York collapsed, killing approximately 2,996 people, estimating $80 billion in losses (Bandyopadhyay et al. ; Sawe). This highlights the amount of damage a terrorist attack is capable of doing. To prevent the threat of terrorism, strong and lasting solutions are required to ensure the safety of citizens. Governments of different nations and international groups can help raise awareness or create strategies to tackle terrorism. Many countries are working on different solutions to help contribute to decreasing terrorism. One country includes Turkey, involving the Turkish government and the Prime Ministers Chief Adviser Akdogan. When the Turkish government stresses on developing a lasting solution to lessen terrorism, Akdogan states the goal is not simply to manage the problem on a temporary basis, but to bring it to a final and permanent solution (Turkish Adviser Outlines Plan for Tackling Terrorism). Akdogan indicates how terrorism should not be taken as a trivial problem and should instead be thoroughly looked into to solve this problem. Despite terrorism being a problem in the last thirty years, Akdogan remains determined to create better solutions. This leads to Akdogans six steps to achieve goal: being determined, not taking any shortcuts, getting more involvement and support from citizens, maintaining common sense, and staying hopeful but being realistic about the outcomes (Turkish Adviser Outlines Plan for Tackling Terrorism). These fundamental steps can be used to put an effect into Akdogans goal. As each step is completed, the issue of terrorism will gradually decrease. International authorities are also involved with minimizing the extreme amount of terrorist attacks. One international group is the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the FBI, a national security organization which ensures to help protect and support the country by clarifying threats and ways for protection. The FBI lists three ways for people to protect themselves: 1. Remain aware of surroundings; 2. Refrain from oversharing personal info; and 3. Say something if you see something (Terrorism). It is essential for the people to fulfill these steps to stay safe in their environment. Since the FBIs number one priority is protecting the United States from terrorist attacks, the FBI devises different methods for protection that people from all over the world can follow. Overall, terrorism is an extremely dangerous threat that causes many negative effects toward thousands of people in affected countries. This issue is caused by political or religious beliefs, the internet involving social media, and individual reasons or emotions. Although terrorism is increasing in some parts of the world, there are solutions to reduce this problem, including being aware of the environment, getting more involvement and ideas from citizens, and gaining support from international or government groups. Works Cited Bandyopadhyay, Subhayu et al. The Toll of Terrorism. Finance Development, vol. 52, no. 2, June 2015, pp. 26-28, elibrary, explore.proquest.com/document/1685875351? accountid=164834. HLS 101 Terrorism. Definition, History, and Types of Terrorism, Eastern Kentucky University, [circa 2018], hlsonline.eku.edu/hls-101-terrorism. Roser, Max et al. Terrorism. Our World in Data, Jan. 2018, ourworldindata.org/terrorism. Sawe, Benjamin Elisha. Worst Terrorist Attacks In World History. World Atlas, 21 Nov. 2016, www.worldatlas.com/articles/worst-terrorist-attacks-in-history.html. Terrorism. FBI, FBI, 3 May 2016, www.fbi.gov/investigate/terrorism. Turkish Adviser Outlines Plan for Tackling Terrorism. BBC Monitoring European, 21 Feb. 2013, elibrary, explore.proquest.com/document/1291068536?accountid=164834. Understanding Terrorism. ReachOut Australia, [circa 2018], au.reachout.com/articles/ understanding-terrorism.

Brave New World Critical Lens Essay - 663 Words

â€Å"I have freedom,† you say? Do you really? Perhaps, in some ways, you do. But in the end, you’re just another puppet being controlled by invisible strings whether you know it or not. â€Å"Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains,† Jean-Jacques Rousseau once said. In society, man is â€Å"chained† and controlled by the government, by pressure of conforming to the social norms, by wealth and social class, and by one’s desires and emotions. Prior to birth, man is not restricted by such factors but that is merely a fleeting moment as he is slowly exposed to more and more of the world. I agree that â€Å"everywhere [man] is in chains,† but on the contrary, I believe man is already chained from the start—that man is never free. In the novel, Brave New†¦show more content†¦Generally, they didn’t have any problems in regards to sickness, death, desires, old age, passion, relationships and other issues that were oft en associated with an â€Å"unstable† society. â€Å"People are happy; they get what they want, and they never want what they can’t get. (220)† If anything â€Å"bad† happened, all they had to do was take a tablet. â€Å"And do remember that a gramme is better than a damn. (55)† The World State government kept their people in â€Å"bottles.† â€Å"’Each one of us, of course†¦goes through life inside a bottle,’ stated Mustapha Mond. (222-223)† The government expected everyone to act according to the standard of infantile behavior—of simple satisfaction, ignorance, and lack of self-restraint and they condemned anyone who acted otherwise. Citizens of the society were encouraged to take soma when distressed and attend social events and activities and so on. It was through such ways that the people were kept distracted and obliviously controlled. These â€Å"socialized human beings† were so ignorant of the shackles around their limbs that they didn’t even try or think to take them off. When a man is born with chains—metaphorically speaking, of course—he is unaware of them. And if he is unaware of them, then there is no way for him to escape them. Such is the case with the people of the World State. They are conditioned to accept and even enjoy whatever path that is laid out in front of them. In this illusion of a perfect world, everyone is happy andShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx’S Philosophy Defines Specific Characteristics1596 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx’s philosophy defines specific characteristics that came to be known as the Marxist approach. In this critical approach, whoever holds the power and controls the factories or means of production, consequently controlled the whole society. 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The impact of innovation on companies - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3737 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Firms and businesses exist and battle to survive just as living beings within the countries or regions they operate, and just as living beings experience the need to change or create change due to their continuously altering environment, so to do business organizations. In order to stand the test of time and obtain a higher competitive advantage, a business must continue to remain relevant to its customers, it must continuously find ways to provide the relevant product or service for the ever changing consumer base and at the same time maintain an optimum profit margin. This form of artificial or better yet commercial evolution, can be said to be the core reason behind the use of technology in the business world, this is the drive for industrial innovation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The impact of innovation on companies" essay for you Create order In 1950 Joseph Alois Schumpeter, stated that; The fundamental impulse that sets and keeps the capitalist engine in motion comes from the new consumers goods, the new methods of production or transportation, the new markets, the new forms of industrial organization that capitalist enterprise creates.(p83) As businesses grow and expand beyond their place of origin, they tend to acquire more competitors in any industry they operate and in turn have to find ways to effectively stretch their core competencies in order to compete with their new rivals or develop new competencies, most of the time with the use of technology. The process of innovation is a highly complex series of steps which is somewhat disorderly, difficult to measure and requires a high level of technical knowledge (Kline and Rosenberg, 1986) and this clearly depicts there numerous dangers involved in the innovation process. Also one may ask, how will changing a product or service or the method of its production giv e a company a higher competitive advantage (Utterback and Suarez, 1991) when compared to its counterparts who have chosen to maintain the status-quo, besides why would any company want to change a formula that has worked for them over a long period of time. The concept of innovation has long been studied by numerous scholars with a of lot journals and articles written on it, but this paper will attempt to understand what innovation means to a business operating on a global front by offering case studies on three of the most innovative companies in the world and in that light find out how their innovation has impacted their operations and activities, and whether it has increased their competitive advantage in comparison with their less innovative competitors. What is Innovation? Since the dawn of time large companies or firms have existed for two major reasons, survival in the long run (Utterback and Suarez, 1991) and profit maximization in the short run through obtaining a high market share of their consumers. With the increasing effects of globalisation partnered with the continuously shrinking economic distance and the rapid technological changes occurring (Lall, 2001), companies now find themselves competing on a global scale. The increased scale of competition has created the need for companies to evolve in their activities and progressively grow beyond the status-quo and this is where the need for technology arises. In lay man terms, innovation in business can said to be a positive change in the methods of production or the creation of a whole new product. Mulgan and Albury (2003) define innovation as the successful creation and implementation of new processes, products, services and methods of delivery which result in significant improvements in out comes efficiency, effectiveness or quality (p3). The OECD define innovation as: Consisting of all those scientific, technical, commercial and financial steps necessary for the successful development and marketing of new or improved manufactured products, the commercial use of new or improved processes or equipment or the introduction of a new approach to a social service (1981, 15-16). Nord and Tucker define an innovation as a practice or technology which is being utilized for the first time by a firm or organisation, irrespective of whether it has been implemented by other firms (1987, cited in Klein and Sorra, 1996). In the words of Kline and Rosenberg, who coined the term commercial innovation in order to clearly acknowledge that the concept is been seen from a business angle (1986); The process of innovation must be viewed as a series of changes in a complete system not only of hardware, but of the complete market environment, production facilities and knowledge, and th e social contexts of the innovation organization (p275). Large firms have always found themselves at the forefront of technological breakthroughs and the diffusion of a newly acquired knowledge (Patel and Pavitt, 1992; Cantwell 1994; Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995; Roberts 1995 a and b cited in Gerybadze and Reger, 1997). Most businesses create and run a research and development departments, which are charged with the task of exploring the possibilities of creating and utilizing new technology in their operations in order to either create a new product or a new method of production. Innovation is not only the creation of a new product or a change in the production process, put in the words of Kline and Rosenberg (1986); There is no single, simple dimensionality of innovation. There are, rather, many sorts of dimensions covering a variety of activities. We might think of innovation as a new product but it may also be; an improvement in instruments or methods of doing innovation, the substitution of a cheaper material, the re-organization of production, internal functions or distribution arrangements leading to increased efficiency, better support for a given product or lower cost (p279). Innovation may also be development of skill by a particular firm, through continuous learning and routine problem solving activities (Loasby, 1998) which will eventually become a benefit to that business. None the less, the most recognised forms of technological change in the business world are product innovation and process innovation (Dicken, 2007). Product innovation occurs as soon as company starts creating new commodities, for many organizations creating a new product is a central path by which they adapt or sometimes transform themselves in their changing environment (Woomack, Jones and Roos, 1990; Doherty, 1992; Brown and Eisenhardt, 1995; cited in Eisenhardt and Tabrizi, 1995), Dicken (2007), believes that once a business environment becomes highly competitive, the steady creation of new products will aid in maintaining a firms profit margin and in the long run maybe its survival (p93). Process innovation on the other hand involves developing new, efficient and cheaper means of production while still maintaining the required level of quality. The need for businesses to undergo a continuous process of innovation cannot be stressed enough and due to intense competition, along with fast changing markets and technologies, firms now tend to be more aware of this fact (Harvard Business Review, 1998). As businesses grow within certain regions, gather together and form clusters, there will tend to be an exchange of information among firms operating in different fields of the same industry or the similar fields, these businesses invest in research and development now, not only to create new ideas but to become efficient in the use of the free flowing information in their environment (Cohen Levinthal, 1989). Investment in innovative activities will rise as a result of the complex and varying processes involved for successful innovation (Kline Rosenberg, 1986), the process of studying an industrys environment while researching on new technology and efficient ways of its utilization can turn out to be a very tedious process. There has always been some sort uncertainty in innovation due to the risk involved of either creating a new product or utilizing a new form of technology in the production process, but following the countless amount of detailed research performed on different companies operating in different parts of the world by Michael Porter and Class van der LInde, it was revealed that the companies which were internationally competitive were not those with cheaper input or large scale, but those which were capable of continuous improvement and innovation (1995). Impact of Innovation on Companies Operating Globally: A Study of Apple Computer Inc. and Wal-Mart Stores Inc. The increasing use of technology by businesses can be clearly observed in todays with companies who arent even technology based developing ways to utilize new ideas in their activities or production process. Before the economic downturn, American companies dominated most industries with the most innovative firms but with the economys slow and gradual return, we can find that American companies are no longer the be all and end all in innovation (Businessweek, 2010). 2010 Ranking Company HQ Country Stock Returns 2006-2009 (in %) Revenue Growth 2006-2009 (in %) Margin Growth 2006-2009 (in %) 1 Apple U.S. 35 30 29 2 Google U.S. 10 31 2 3 Microsoft U.S. 3 10 -4 4 IBM U.S. 12 2 11 5 Toyota Japan -20 -11 NA 6 Amazon.com U.S. 51 29 6 7 LG Electronics South Korea 31 16 707 8 BYD China 99 42 -1 9 General Electric U.S. -22 -1 -25 10 Sony Japan -19 -5 NA *21 Wal-Mart Stores U.S. 7 6 -1 *Wal-Mart was does not fall under the 10 companies but is included for the sake of this paper Table 1: Data from Businessweek; 50 Most Innovative Companies, 2010. The table above shows the 10 most innovative firms for the year 2010 along with a 4year analysis of their revenue, stock and their operating margin, but the sake of this paper I am going to focus on Apple, Wal-Mart and Sony, then attempt to find out the impact of their innovation on the industry they operate in as well as themselves over time. Case Study on Apple Computer Inc. Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower Steve Jobs, Apple Computer Inc. CEO. Apple Computer Inc. is located in Silicon Valley and is a quintessential venture-capital-financed high-technology firm (Nonaka Kenney, 1991). As at 1977, the time of Apples conception, the PC industry was dominated by the IBM PC and Microsofts Windows Operating system. Apple was characterised by its idiosyncratic and go-alone strategy and was famous for not allowing its technology to be utilized by other PC makers (West, 2002). Apple placed itself firmly in the PC industry and showed its capacity for innovation by the 1984 release of the Macintosh Apple, which was the first ever mass-market PC with a graphic user interface (GUI) (West, 2005), at this time, what differentiated Apple from all other competition was the fact that they created their own software along with the hardware that ran it as well. Apple creators Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak did not believe the PC should only be a work tool, but should be fun as well and it was this thinking that led to the first successful use of the mouse to interact with the PC (Markides, 1997). In 1994 Apple was forced into licensing its products out to other companies due to high drops in revenue and this in turn led to a loss in their market share as these companies produced similar products at cheaper prices (West, 2002). Although being a highly innovative company, Apple faced numerous issues in the PC industry where it suffered a high level of losses and eventually had to relieve its then CEO John Sculley of his position and re-empoy Steve Jobs as CEO in July 1997 (West, 2005). Apple Inc. went through a massive makeover with the return of one of its founding fathers who came in with a series of highly innovative and profitable products, and eventually diversifying into other markets and altering Apples major product in the process. With the release of the iMac on August 15, 1998 Apple was able to put to rest so me its past failures. These failures included the first Apple Portable, which was bulky and awkward and the Newton, Apples first attempt to enter the PDA market. In 2001, after several years of development, Apple released Mac OS X, an operating system that targeted both consumers and professionals. Mac OS X was a complete redesign from Mac OS 9 and was able to harness the power of UNIX while offering a streamlined user experience with a simplified GUI (Graphical User Interface). The iMac line of personal computers paired with Mac OS X returned Apple to profitability and the release of the iPod portable digital audio player later that year was the icing on the cake. The phenomenal success of the iPod set the stage for future products, including the best-selling mobile device in history, the Apple iPhone, the MacBook line of portable computers, and the Apple iPad which was released on January 27th 2010. (Dougherty, 2010) Apple has experienced success in most recent product releases coupled with massive growth in sales and revenue as shown in 2007 when the sales of their Mac range shot up by 37% (Piero, 2010), while controlling only 7.4% of the American market share as at the fourth quarter of 2009 (Foreman, 2010). With the continuous release of new and exciting products along with their entry and unusual dominance of the mobile phone industry and their literal creation of the tablet PC market with the release of their iPad device, it is evident that Apple is a company that has achieved superiority through rapid and constant innovation and will continue to garner a reputation that is far out of proportion to its size or market share (West and Mace, 2007). Case Study on Wal-Mart Stores Inc.* Wal-Mart Stores Inc. is the brain child of Sam Walton which was made a reality in 1962 when the discount retailer was opened. Sam Walton operated only in small towns which allowed them run their operations on a small scale, in relation to their bigger and better resourced competitors. The expansion of Wal-Mart was a slow and gradual yet efficient process, the company grew at a pace which Sam Walton could easily manage and be actively present in most activities. Wal-Mart operated as low cost strategy which was hard to maintain due to the lack of a suitable working relationships with suppliers and distribution chain, suppliers saw Wal-Mart as a minor player in the retail industry and treated them as such. In order to minimize costs Wal-Mart utilized vertical integration by building their own warehouses and obtaining their own trucks for transportation, with this and the use of their Everyday Low Price Strategy (EDLP) which saved them a large amount of funds that would have been spent on advertising, Wal-Mart was on its way to obtaining market leadership. The 70s saw a change in Wal-Marts corporate nature as the company went public, in order to expand beyond its 30 stores and raised about $5million in the process. In less than 25 years, Wal-Mart had risen to become the largest American corporation in terms of sales. With over $374 billion in revenue, Wal-Mart had overshadowed all competition in its home market and is proposed to hit half a trillion dollars in revenue within the next decade (Upbin, 2004 cited in Hesterly, n.d). Wal-Marts success can be attributed to its low cost strategy and its intense use of technology in its operations. Technology investments in sophisticated inventory, management systems, state of the art distribution centres, and other aspects of logistics werent seen as very important areas of the retail industry. Wal-Mart had pioneered the use of technology in the retail industry and still possesses significant advantage over its compet itors. The use Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) to shorten distribution cycle, by providing a direct transfer of sales information directly from the discounters register to the suppliers computers. Wal-Mart was the leader in forging EDI links with suppliers with its Retail Link System which provided inventory information for over 3000 stores to about 3000 vendors (Standard and Poor, 1998 cited in Hesterly, n.d). In 2003, Wal-Mart once again showed its penance for technological initiative with its push for the use Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) by all suppliers, in order to track inventory more precisely than the traditional methods, although the use of the RFID was not widely accepted it was shown to save Wal-Mart up to $8 billion in costs. At the heart of Wal-Marts success remains its distribution and logistics system which had been born out of the need to service so many stores in small towns while maintaining low costs, as a result of this, Wal-Mart created and utilized t heir own distribution centres which used a cross-docking technique. In cross-docking, goods were delivered to distribution centres and often simply loaded from one dock to another or even from one truck to another without sitting in inventory, the cross-docking technique reduced Wal-Marts cost of sales by 3% in comparison to competitors who no matter how much they attempted could not perfectly replicate the technique. Wal-Mart, though operating in a service oriented industry laid their emphasis on innovation and continuous improvement, and this can be traced back to the old days when there were either no computers or they were not affordable, then Sam Walton would keep a ledger of measures on several variables for each store, the emergence and efficient utilization of information technology enabled Wal-Mart to extend its emphasis on information and measurement and transform this into success and immense global growth. *Case created by Dr. William Hesterley for the purpose of a class discussion Case Study on Sony Electronics Inc. Sony Electronics Inc. is a well-known electronic company formed in 1946 in the post-world war two era by Masaru Ibuka and Akio Morita under the then name Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation (Kenan, n.d). From the outset, Sonys original management policies revolved around product innovation and the company strived to make consumer electronics which were compact in size and highly portable (Vila and Mitchell, 2007). After their 1950 release of Japans first tape recorder (Kenan, n.d) Masaru Ibuka travelled to the United States in order to market this invention, which was Sonys first major product (Chaudhuri, 2007) and relative success. Sony eventually became known for their innovative and consumer friendly products, in 1955 after they obtained the licence for the transistor for Western Electronics (Chaudhari, 2007) and went on to create Japans first transistor radio the TR-55 and a slew of other highly innovative products including the worlds first direct-view portable television set, the TV8-301 in 1960, along with the worlds tiniest all transistor television set in 1962, the worlds first blu-ray disc player in 2003, and in 2005 they were credited with building the worlds smallest video camera which also shot in high definition (Kenan, n.d), but the product that made Sony a household name and reckonable force in their industry was the Walkman. The Walkman was produced in 1979 and was a massive hit with consumers, the product was not the first of its kind, with tape recorders already existing long before its arrival but it was an advance in marketing, produced not for journalist professionals but for the average and common user as a the first portable music player (Hormby, 2006) paving the way for Apples iPod and Microsofts Zune. The Walkman created a cultural impact immediately becoming a highly sought after commodity by everyone irrespective of age or country (Du Gay, Hall, Janes, Mackay and Negus, 1997), in the words of Akio Morita; Thi s is the product that will satisfy those young people who want to listen to music all day. They would take it everywhere and wont have to care about record function. If we put a playback-only headphone stereo like this on the market itll be a hit February 1979, Sony Headquarters (Bellis, n.d). Beyond the culture defining era of the Walkman series, Sony continued to show its ability to bring dream into realities with the release of its Sony Discman or CD Walkman series, which utilized the already growing compact disc format. The Discman also included some series with radio and reception (Hassan, 2010). In recent years Sony has diversified into the mobile phone industry with its joint venture with Ericsson and also the gaming industry with its widely popular console the Playstation, which saw an increase in sales in 2010 (Mokey, 2010). From a company started with less than 1500 dollars (Kenan, n.d), Sony as at 2006 boasted of a worldwide sales figure of 63.9 billion dollars (Cahaud huri, 2007) and has now been at the forefront of technological breakthroughs for the past 64years while still remaining a highly profitable and reliable brand name in the consumer electronics industry and with their background based on constant product innovation and a continuous search for new technology, Sony Electronics Inc. will remain a highly regarded company for more years to come. Conclusion There have been numerous journals that have attempted to draw out the relationship between innovation and the performance of a firm or business (eg. Feeny and Rogers, 2001; Loof and Heshmati, 2001) and it can also be seen from these journals that innovative firms are among the most efficient in their industries and can also enter into other with little to no issues. A direct linkage can be seen between a firms performance and its level of utilized technology, Geroski (1994, p130) sums up that innovation can influence a firms performance in two ways: The first is of the notion that the creation of new products or processes of production will strengthen a firms competitive position in relation to its rivals. But the profits and growth will be short-lived and only last as long as the innovating firm can defend its position against rivals. The second view argues that the process of innovation alters a firm fundamentally by enhancing its internal capabilities, making it more flexible and adaptable to market pressures than non-innovating firms (cited in Neely and Hii, 1998). Innovation is the key to competitive advantage in a highly turbulent environment, and has direct consequences to a firms ability to compete due to the value it creates by developing new products or new methods of production (Neely Hii, 1998) and there is an obvious relationship between the intensity of competition and innovative activities (Bonanno and Haworth, 1998). Looking at Wal-Mart Stores Inc., Apple Computer Inc., and Sony Electronics Inc., all companies occupy or at one time occupied the market leader position in a specific industry or more and are also recognised as highly innovative firms, these similarities are far from coincidences, both Wal-Mart and Apple rank in at numbers 1 and 56 respectively in the Fortune 500 list and were two of the most profitable companies of the year (Fortune, 2010), also looking at the Table.1 it can clearly be seen that the companies listed are ei ther the market leaders in their industries or extremely strong and rapidly growing competitors. Innovation from all this can be said to have a positive impact on the productivity and efficiency of businesses, be it a manufacturing or service providing firm. All firms should be involved in innovative activities despite the risks involved and the high costs of investing in technology I can say that the firms that will come out on top in the race to be global leader in their respective industries are those that embrace technology and its utilize it efficiently in their activities.